Terms used across entries
GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1)
A gut hormone released after eating that slows digestion, increases fullness, and helps regulate insulin. Target of semaglutide, tirzepatide, and retatrutide.
GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide)
Another gut hormone involved in insulin regulation, targeted alongside GLP-1 by "dual agonist" drugs like tirzepatide.
GHRH (growth-hormone-releasing hormone)
The hormone that signals the pituitary gland to release growth hormone. CJC-1295, Sermorelin, and Tesamorelin are all GHRH analogs.
Ghrelin receptor (GHSR-1a)
The receptor that ghrelin (the "hunger hormone") activates. Also activated by growth-hormone secretagogues like Ipamorelin, via a separate pathway from GHRH.
Melanocortin receptor
A family of receptors (MC1R–MC5R) involved in pigmentation, appetite, inflammation, and sexual function. Targeted by PT-141 and Melanotan II, with very different selectivity and outcomes.
Angiogenesis
The formation of new blood vessels — a key part of wound healing, and a mechanism claimed for several research peptides including BPC-157 and TB-500.
IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1)
A hormone produced mainly in the liver in response to growth hormone. Commonly measured in studies of GH-axis peptides as an indirect marker of GH activity.
Randomized controlled trial (RCT)
A study design where participants are randomly assigned to receive the treatment or a placebo/control, reducing bias in the result. The gold standard for human clinical evidence.
Preclinical
Research conducted before human trials — typically in cell cultures or animal models.
Off-label use
Using an approved drug for a purpose other than what it was officially approved for. Legal for physicians to prescribe, but not backed by the same regulatory review as the approved use.